The Solar Energy Value Chain

• The Solar Energy Value Chain includes the production of raw materials like silica and aluminum, the manufacturing of components such as PV cells, modules, and inverters etc. 
•  This chain is often global, involving a wide range of activities from raw material extraction to final product disposal.

•  Localization potential and enterprise development opportunities for solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage value chains plays a key factor in GSNC’s developmental research

Green Hydrogen

• Ongoing : Word Bank Council for Science and Industrial Research on Energy Transition and Socio-economics in Coal Communities in Mpumalanga 2025.

SMMES and Smart Factories

• Industrialisation focus SMMEs and Value Chains (Mining, Energy etc) through Artificial Intelligence 4.0